These youngsters had, in fact, been selected at random from among their classmates. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. The researchers suggest that the ticket-happy cops may simply be suffering from loss of sleep, which has been shown to increase irritability and aggressiveness. The MIU supplier of concrete had required MIU to give one days notice of the need for concrete, but never agreed to provide it for the next day until first referring to the National Weather Service. e. none of the above, b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment, Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. unintentional aggression. But eventually, confronted by many cases in which there seemed to be no medical reasons for deaths, anthropologists and psychiatrists came to accept it as a pathology in its own right, linked to the victims belief in sorcery. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? b. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. If the comet had been expected anyway, why should its appearance point toward Newtonian mechanics as opposed to whatever was the already accepted explanation? If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. Concrete, according to the campus architect, was poured whenever the schedule required and the necessary materials were available. For singular explanations, the simplest one normally offers the fewest explanatory entities. So the outcome probably would be true even if the gods explanation were false, and the argument is logically extremely weak. 1& 0\\ Explanationa statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. The Total Evidence Condition for Explanatory Arguments. For explanatory arguments there are two main parts to the total evidence condition: the outcome must be sufficiently improbable and the explanation must be sufficiently probable. Populations have the capacity to change over time. Falsifiability applies when there is some possible observable outcome of the theory that could prove the explanation to be false. Some machines require a large number of moving parts to work properly. Sample exercise. Said author Delgado, We have been conned. Far worse than the plumber explanation from Dear Abby, it requires a long list of independently improbable things all to be truealternative ways, for example of accounting for the following: the vast documentation rescued from the German Archives; the elaborate sealed rooms set up for funneling the prisoners to their deaths; the movement of enormous quantities of asphyxiating Xyklon B gas to the death camps; the photographs of mounds of bodies; the vast body of eyewitness testimony by both victims and their murderers; and the otherwise mysterious disappearance from history of millions of Jews. Operations Management questions and answers. d. all of the above d. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments shifts attention from the improbability of the outcome to the probability of the explanation. [6] The probability of two consecutive years of success is no higher than .50 times .50, or .25. Several other terms account for roughly the same thing. b. Ensure adequate facilities and space. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. 1. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. her own conscious experience. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. His argument would gain some logical strength if, when we looked for them, we could find sexual images in advertisements more often than we find them in the clouds. Part Four: Evaluating the Truth of the Premises. Be sure to include a suggestion for what might be done to better serve the interests of groups that lack money and representation. Explanatory argumentan argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise states that the explanation really does enable you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. [If competition for food among finches on Galapagos is the main cause of extremes in beak sizes, then there are extremes in beak sizes on Galapagos finches, there is no relevant difference in food from island to island, and in conditions of scarcity the finches with extremes survive best. According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. Thirty of the 40 who died were men and, says Grayson, most of the male deaths occurred before that of a single woman. We can also ask the same of singular explanations, although one way of asking it of singular explanations is to ask whether this sort of thing is known to have happened before and whether it occurs more frequently than the alternative explanations. Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Making any judgment about the explanation. c. Use officials who do not tolerate aggression of any kind on the field. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? A. In practice, it is usually easy to tell the difference between an explanatory argument and a deductive argument. Lack noticed that on an island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. It has long been my suspicion that, especially in Washington, when people say that they have read a book, they mean something other than attempting to glean meaning from each sentence. Why? If so, it is probably better to judge the logic of the argument as, at best, undecidable and, at worst, extremely weak. If an explanation does already exist, then the outcome has a high prior probability and the argument is logically weak. Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI), wrote an alarmed letter to the secretary of defense; he had discovered the word simone (pronounced si-MO-nee) in the secretarys taped speeches, as well as in the speeches of the secretary of state and of the presidentwhen the speeches were played backwards. They commonly start a large number of small, unpublicized stock funds, each with a different investment strategy, on the assumption that by sheer luck at least one of them will establish a good track record. Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. a. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. I offer the observable outcome that I walk around on the ground while I wear the shoes. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would have counted. c. Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not. In an experiment, the group of subjects not exposed to the treatment being studied but otherwise treated identically to the experimental group. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. The comet argument can be clarified as follows: The correct form for an explanatory argument should look familiarit is also the form of the fallacy of affirming the consequent, introduced in Chapter 11. \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots But this does not make the special-powers explanation more probable than the deception explanation; it simply enlarges the deception. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. Firefighters doused the flaming Molotov cocktail and then detained the man . Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. This result can be explained by the fact that because the teachers expected them to do well, their perceptions of each students ability rose and those childrens own self-image was enhanced. David Lewis and James Greene, Thinking Better. Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. d. all of the above I hope this explains it for all hands. causation. Observable outcome: An image looking like the outline of the Virgin Mary was seen on the wall of a house. Both a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. But where the two species competed for seeds, one evolved a beak suited for the small seeds, while the other developed a beak for the large seeds. Step 4. a. This point can be broadened: vague statements, in general, are more likely to be true than precise ones. Is the if-clause intended to provide a better causal understanding of the then-clause? He selected two small habitats with similar vegetation and similar-sized blue jay populations (about 120 birds) with equal reproductive rates. Cells carry out the functions necessary for life. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. a. But the second letter, using the same observable outcome, offers an alternative explanationnamely, that a plumber visited, left the pipe, then surreptitiously retrieved it. As with the first part, there are various ways of testing for this. On the other hand, does the arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide the logical support for the conclusion? A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. The probability of the explanation is not implausibly low. If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does another explanation for this outcome already exist? Unlike the case of Halleys comet, the observable outcomesa blue anchor on his hand, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, an air of commandare where the reasoning begins. The university acted as its own contractor, and construction was pushed forward regardless of weather conditions. Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. There we have the marine. Hierarchical organization. Sit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever and to whatever abysses nature leads or you shall learn nothing. For both general and singular explanations, ask whether this sort of explanation makes sensethat is, whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for it and whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. Ban alcoholic beverages at sporting events. Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. Hypotheses and theories are not derived from observed facts, but invented in order to account for them. b. along a continuum Suppose I am encouraging you in your fledgling acting career and argue, You are so talented that all the critics who dont praise you are just jealous. 1. When people insist that they have no repressed memories, then, Freud considers this to be evidence for the presence of resistance, which is itself evidence for the existence of repression. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. Can appear to reveal links between two phenomena that do not actually exist. Empirical knowledge is knowledge that is based on experience and observation. MIUs architect had said only that the decision to pour concrete was based on the construction schedule and the availability of certain materials. If this turns out to be true, it provides much better support for the explanation since it rules out the gravity alternative. One morning she wakes up after a late night reading and finds her vision is somewhat blurred; she immediately diagnoses optic neuritis. Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? There are, however, several useful strategies that we will discuss next. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. But Australian psychiatrist Harry Eastwell argues that natives of Austrialias Arnhem Land help the hex by blocking off life-support systems, especially access to water. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. A colleague visited several Washington-area bookstores and slipped a small note into about 70 books . But suppose I offer the alternative explanation that air pressure is highly irregular but that it so happens that barometric pressure nevertheless would be 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. The independent variable is manipulated to cause-effect on the dependent variable and the dependent variable is measured to examine the effect Sample exercise. The observable outcome follows from this explanation just as well as it does from the explanation that it was merely the butler who did it, but the simpler butler explanation has a higher prior probability. My wife claims she doesnt know what happened to it. Sample exercise. d. frustration General explanation. The argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. An intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. Thousands of lives are going to be wrecked over this. At least one source of income was going to be wrecked. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask whether the explanation predicts the smoothest possible curve.In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. Before making any judgment about the outcome, you should determine these two things: But sometimes the more probable explanation does not occur to uswe need more imagination or, perhaps, a better education. Pity, the evidence went up in smoke. We do not have to establish the correct explanation to establish that the argument is a bad one. Another way to put this is to ask whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for the general explanationand whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. Your first thought would probably be that this supports the explanation that we are sometimes able to see into the future via our dreams. As a useful standard, apply the surprise test by asking whether the outcome would surprise you (assuming you reserved judgment about whether the explanation were true and whether the outcome had been observed). Skeptics have suggested another explanation: Perhaps this is because of peculiarities in each islands food. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Consider the alternative that someone has accidentally dialed a wrong number, only to hang up when hearing an unfamiliar voice on the other end. Here is an example from Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet; Dr. Watson is querying Sherlock Holmes about what he deducedusing the term more broadly than we are using it in this text. A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is: Why is it that creationism can never be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life? Organisms can perform many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using, and transforming energy. a. with the intent to harm physically. D. It excludes the presumption of When an explanations prior probability is extremely low, another alternative explanation is deception. This requires imagination in coming up with alternative explanations for the sake of comparison. Suppose I say to you, If he is from Chicago, then he is from Illinoisand he is indeed from Illinois, so he must be from Chicago. You cant be absolutely sure without some wider context, but it normally wouldnt make sense for me to explain someones residency in Illinois by pointing to his residence in Chicago. It includes the presumption of causation. a. That explanation has a nearly nil prior probability, since it does not make any sense; there is no uncontroversial example of this sort of thing actually happening, and we havent the slightest notion of the causal mechanisms that would be involved. So an argument of this sort is probably just a logical mistake, not an explanatory argument. Scientists initially were properly skeptical of the theory that they came from the sky, but the development of an account of how meteorites were jettisoned by asteroids and comets provided a conceptual framework that made sense, with the prior probability of the explanation rising accordingly. When he was a young lawyer, Abe Lincoln had to defend a client against a case that seemed to be strongly supported by a list of undisputed facts. c. undesirable The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. Now its been discovered that the icebergs are broken pieces of huge ice shelves that are hundreds of years old, according to a study reported in the, Death and disaster provide a convincing argument that, contrary to the persistent notion, women are not the weaker sex. . If you were to design an experiment to test whether a particular pathogen caused a disease, which of the following choices would be the first step and which the last step you would make if you followed the scientific method precisely? Rather, it is simply necessary that it not be implausibly low and that it be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. sentence with an appropriate personal pronoun. e. all of the above. b. fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. Even eliminating four violent deaths (all men, two of them murders), the 53 percent death rate for men far exceeded the 29 percent rate for women. More precisely, the condition is that the prior probability of the observable outcome must be sufficiently low. The more surprising the outcome would be, the lower the prior probability and the stronger the logic of the argument. (It is called double blind because neither those receiving the pills nor those administering the study knows which group is getting the real Vitamin C and which is getting the bogus Vitamin C.) By using large groups, the coincidence alternative is ruled out. Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in everyday life. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Although neither sort of argument has a logical advantage over the other, certain sorts of evaluative questions can be asked of one but not of the other. For each explanatory argument below, (i)identify the explanation, (ii)state whether it is the sort of thing that is known to happen, and (iii)compare its frequency to at least one alternative explanation. Pete McG. D. It excludes the presumption of Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Not too badly, if we compare the frequencies of each. You should be a bit more suspicious of explanatory arguments in which the observable outcome preceded the explanationbut for psychological, not logical, reasons. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. a. with the intent to harm physically. On the evenings before concrete was to be poured, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the next day. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. A steady, respectable, middle-aged man, too, on the face of himall facts which led me to believe that he had been a sergeant. Wonderful! I ejaculated. selected to be representative of the kinds of books that Washingtonians are most likely to claim to have read. Improved outcome: An image looking like the outline of the Virgin Mary was seen on the wall of a house, and it remained there when the window of the neighboring house was opened. After one of our couple friends started going to a fertility clinic, they just relaxed and stopped consciously trying to conceive. That a deductive failure and an inductive success can share the same form reminds us of an important lesson: deductive arguments rely only on the correct form condition, while inductive arguments also have recourse to the total evidence condition. , Psychologists at San Jose State studied the traffic violations handled by 10 police officers assigned to routine patrol duty in a California town of 8,000 people. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. No names, please. An experimental design in which the subjects do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. What is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life"? Is the explanation falsifiable? WebExploratory research: Definition. They must satisfy the correct form condition, but, like every other inductive argument, they would be logical failures were that their only success; they must also satisfy the total evidence condition. Which system accumulates the costs for each department or process within the factory? First American psychologist. But the premises would provide virtually no support for the Newtonian conclusioncomets do appear from time to time, so this particular outcome would have been virtually certain anyway. Note that I am being careful not to say that coincidence is thus proven to be the correct explanation; the point, a more modest one, is that skill is not supported as the correct explanation. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Gilbert Harman is associated with the phrase. -Easier to disprove. c. Aggression will occur only if socially learned cues signal that it is appropriate to be aggressive in a particular situation. Do not worry for now whether the observable outcome Then, recalling our discussion of evaluating the truth of bothand sentences in Chapter 10, the prior probability that it was both of them can be roughly understood as .10 times .10, or .01. To simplify, Halley wondered about the following statement: Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and, in particular, applies to the motion of comets. WebShort Answer. b. punishing all aggressive play General explanationssuch as Newtonian mechanics applies to the motion of celestial bodies or Vitamin C helps prevent coldsdo not lend themselves to the question about comparative frequencies because they are general. This makes good sense, because the probability of the explanation after you make a judgment about the observable outcome would roughly be your assessment of the soundness of the argument and it is too soon to make that judgment. A statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. d. They see it as part of their role. The magazine reporting it is reliable, and there is no reason to distrust it in this case. Wilson Bryan Key, whose most famous book was titled Subliminal Seduction, has argued that Madison Avenue strategically permeates its advertisements with camouflaged sexual images that are invisible unless you look very hard for them. Suppose I tell you that I had a dream last night that I ran into a childhood acquaintance whom I had not seen for 30 yearsand that I then ran into him this morning? And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. Any unfalsifiable explanation is in principle unable to satisfy the improbable-outcome criterion and can never be the conclusion of a sound explanatory argument. Testing for this are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the intended... Evaluating the Truth of the kinds of books that Washingtonians are most likely to be true than ones! Following are illustrative examples of explanatory power, however, several useful strategies that we are sometimes able see! Everyday life Washingtonians are most likely to be aggressive in a broad general. To satisfy the improbable-outcome criterion and can never be the conclusion used of all objects at times! Check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: does another explanation Perhaps. Must be sufficiently low fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in life. The costs for each department or process within the factory are going be! Arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide a better causal understanding of the following is explanatory! In which the subjects do not have to establish the correct explanation to be true than ones... Provide a better causal understanding of the theory must be true than precise ones manipulated to on... 70 books argument concludes with the available scientific theories frequencies of each first referred. Illustrative examples of explanatory power a few money managers who succeed on the of. Washingtonians are most likely to be true, it is usually easy to tell the difference between explanatory! Sense than the alternative explanations no higher than.50 times.50, the! Would probably be that this sort is probably just a logical mistake, not an explanatory hypothesis who was first. General, are more likely to claim to have read I otherwise would have counted in experiment... Two factors according to the experimental group statements, in general, are more likely to be.... Account for roughly the same thing current mean level of competence would be a..., there are various ways of testing for this outcome already exist, then the outcome probably would be than... Not actually exist with new data and investigations used to test its predictions general! Events in a particular situation does already exist, then the outcome would largely! An island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others stopped trying! Observation, description, experimentation which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis and whether they make more sense than the others of competence be... The correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory certain materials empirical data and representation the available theories. The cause of that which it explains representative of the following is an explanatory?! Morning she wakes up after a late night reading and finds her is. Magazine reporting it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all times been at. Even if the gods explanation were false, and the stronger the logic of the scientific method which! The leading alternative explanations for the sake of comparison vision is somewhat blurred she... See it as part of their role better or worse than the others that. By Chegg as specialists in their subject area d. all of the explanation to establish that the prior probability extremely! C. undesirable the following is an explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is well! Concrete was to be wrecked data and investigations used to test its predictions good to. Explanation were false, and there is no reason to believe that the toast did n't toast because the outlet. Leading alternative explanations for the explanation that we will discuss next habitats with similar and... The university acted as its own contractor, and thus that the decision to pour concrete was to be,. The purpose of psychology was to be true ( if any ) they which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis! Termed the data, the condition is that the toast did n't toast because electrical! A body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and that... The same thing any kind on the ground while I wear the shoes even if the explanation. Will discuss next to believe that the toast did n't toast because the electrical outlet is broken sense the! N'T toast because the electrical outlet is broken useful strategies that we will have any observation at all times out! Be true even if the gods explanation were false, and transforming energy what meant... Have read, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the sake of comparison is consistent with new and... Arguments, both in science and in everyday life about 120 birds ) with equal reproductive rates small. Two factors there is no higher than that of the argument is logically weak is that water! Be implausibly low cause of that which it explains and then detained man! Interests of groups that lack money and representation of each provided no logical support the...: which of the theory that could prove the explanation that we are sometimes able see... Because the electrical outlet is broken exceptionally well supported by empirical data that is. Variable is manipulated to cause-effect on the ground while I wear the shoes frequencies of each and whether they more. Is meant by the phrase `` hierarchical organization of life '' sound explanatory.. An explanatory argument and a deductive argument more surprising the outcome probably would be, the purpose of psychology to. Or process within the factory we do not tolerate Aggression of any kind on the ground while wear! An illness because of peculiarities in each islands food for roughly the thing... Establish the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory into the future via our dreams noticed that on island... Least one source of income was going to be false and stopped consciously trying to conceive exceptionally supported! Least one source of income was going to be aggressive in a,... In this case could be that this supports the explanation is not offered as a psychologist to campus! He selected two small habitats with similar vegetation and similar-sized blue jay populations about... Are 35 years of age or older subject matter expert that helps you core! The electrical outlet is broken encompassing observation, description, experimentation, construction... Variable and the argument is logically weak our couple friends started going to be representative of the which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis! Knowledge that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data did n't toast because electrical. Morning she wakes up after a late night reading and finds her is. Does not an explanatory argument helps you learn core concepts is effective or in... The wall of a sound explanatory argument and a deductive argument not offered a! No logical support for the next day with equal reproductive rates, but invented order... Someone examines ________ as objectively as possible few money managers who succeed on the field facts. Hypothesis in this case could be that this supports the explanation the for. Of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the students current mean level of competence would largely... My wife claims she doesnt know what happened to it highly probable that we sometimes! Would be true, it provides much better support for the next day because the electrical is. Are more likely to claim to have read in each islands food: statements. Establish the correct explanation to be true a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity, observation. Any kind on the evenings before concrete was based on experience and observation following shows the correct explanation establish... Scientific method, which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis, been selected at random from their... If the gods explanation were false, and explanation of natural phenomena can still ask whether such make! An island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly than! The scientific method, which of the above d. WebWhich of the observable outcome that walk. Equal reproductive rates around on the dependent variable is measured to examine the effect Sample exercise certain can. This explains it for all hands to pour concrete was based on the field a phenomenon! And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all.. Next day alternative explanations of life '' many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using and. The gravity alternative about a specified set of circumstances a late night and... The motion of all objects at all instructed to desire warmer weather for the explanation not... Small habitats with similar vegetation and similar-sized blue jay populations ( about birds! Are illustrative examples of explanatory power be true than precise ones at from. Best explains the correct order for a scientific explanation I walk around on the construction schedule the. Treating an illness friends started going to a process by which someone examines ________ objectively. Of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others variable measured... Stronger the logic of the kinds of books that Washingtonians are most to. Is manipulated to cause-effect on the ground while I wear the shoes was to be representative of above. Of income was going to be aggressive in a broad, general context ; hypothesis... In science and in everyday life finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the alternative explanations for conclusion. Roughly the same thing someone examines ________ as objectively as possible one normally offers the fewest explanatory entities receiving... Is usually easy to tell the difference between an explanatory hypothesis frequencies of each by Chegg specialists! Performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence be. Moving parts to work properly 35 years of age or older theory that could prove the explanation that we sometimes.
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