Islam is based on the belief in one God (Allah) and the teachings of Muhammad as recorded in the Quran, the holy book of Islam. He knows what lies before them Based on one or the other of these schools, learned officials called qadis administer the law in shari'ah courts. Only Granada survived. Within a few years the Muslims had also conquered parts of Egypt to the South and Anatolia and Armenia to the North. This is not to say that the Muslims were not brave and that the conviction that they were doing Allah's will was not significant: it clearly was. According to the aforementioned historians, tens of thousands of Arabs were put to the sword until their tribes re-submitted to Islam. Even in recreation and amusement, Western influences are strong. Because there was considerable interest in new varieties - for nutritive and medicinal purposes - many new plants were introduced: sorghum, for example, which had recently been discovered in Africa. By the end of the 1970s the Arabs, having assumed control of their own destinies, had emerged as full and independent participants in the affairs of the world. In Egypt, the first hospital was built in the southwestern quarter . When they saw that the web was unbroken, the Meccans passed by and Muhammad and Abu Bakr went on to Medina, where they were joyously welcomed by a throng of Medinans as well as the Meccans who had gone ahead to prepare the way. Islam, in Arabic, means "submission" - submission to the will of God. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. The fourth pillar is fasting during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim year. 8. It was probably during the reign of Orhan that the famous institution of the Janissaries, a word derived from the Turkish yeni cheri ("new troops"), was formed. Persia and Byzantium faced the challenge of a new faith that had a very active political component. By occupying Constantinople, the capital of their Christian allies, in the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders achieved what the Arabs had been trying to do from the early days of Islam. In addition to the Quran the shari'ah has three sources: the sunnah, the practice of the Prophet; ijma', the consensus of opinion; and qiyas, reasoning by analogy. Geographical unity, however, was but one factor. Although the Crusades achieved no lasting results in terms of military conquest, they were important in the development of trade, and their long-range effects on Western society - on everything from feudalism to fashion - are inestimable. This process got under way as the office of the Grand Vizier gradually assumed more power and indifferent sultans began to neglect administration. Islamic calligraphers have experimented endlessly and have been extremely imaginative. The Berbers later also launched reform movements in North Africa which greatly influenced the Islamic civilization. Militarily formidable, they were also the first power to defeat the Mongols in open combat when, in 1260, the Mongols moved against Palestine and Egypt. Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. In the early days of Islam, the extension of Islamic rule had been based on an uncomplicated desire to spread the Word of God. The Umayyads, however, did manage to achieve a degree of stability, particularly after 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan succeeded to the caliphate in 685. Photo: The basmalah is here written in ornamental "floriated" kufic (above) and in naskhi (below). When, for example, al-Mamun marched from Khorasan to Baghdad, he left a trusted general named Tahir ibn al-Husayn in charge of the eastern province. By mid-century they had taken Russia, Central Europe, northern Iran, and the Caucuses, and in 1258, under Hulagu Khan, they invaded Baghdad and put an end to the remnants of the once-glorious 'Abbasid Empire. As Jewish forces were victorious - and as stories spread that some 250 Arab civilians had been massacred in a village called Deir Yassin - thousands of Palestinians fled, among the first of today's 3.4 million refugees and exiles. For gold, once the vast quantities in the treasuries of the conquered countries were exhausted, they turned to several sources. Another Semitic script which was in use at about the same time and which is found on inscriptions in southern Arabia is the origin of the alphabet now used for Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia. His reign is now the most famous in the annals of the 'Abbasids - partly because of the fictional role given him in The Thousand and One Nights (portions of which probably date from his reign), but also because his reign and those of his immediate successors marked the high point of the 'Abbasid period. Completed in 1908, it permitted thousands of Muslims to make the pilgrimage in relative comfort and safety. Instead of presenting a straight historical narrative, as do the Gospels and the historical books of the Old Testament, the Quran treats, in allusive style, spiritual and practical as well as historical matters. The text of the Quran was delivered orally by the Prophet Muhammad to his followers as it was revealed to him. How did the spread of Islam affect the Middle East? Islam, founded in seventh-century Arabia by the prophet Muhammad, altered the Middle East economically. Unlike Western legal systems, the shari'ah makes no distinction between religious and civil matters; it is the codification of God's Law, and it concerns itself with every aspect of social, political, economic, and religious life. Photo: The ruq'ah script is used for headlines and titles and is the everyday written script of most of the Arab world. Photo: Devout Muslims from all over the world gather for the pilgrimage to Mecca, for nearly fourteen centuries one of the most impressive religious gatherings in the world. They were polytheistic and reaped all the political problems associated with polytheism. Murad II was succeeded by Mehmed (Muhammad) II, called "The Conqueror" because on May 29, 1453, after his artillery finally breached Constantinople's massive walls, the city fell. The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. Later, in emulation, Italy in 1911 seized Libya. Photo: Persian miniature depicts students with a teacher of astronomy - one of the sciences to which scholars of the Golden Age made great contributions. Photo: In the muthanna or "doubled" style of calligraphy shown on the left each half of the design is a mirror image of the other. Since the invention of printing from type, however, calligraphy (which means, literally "beautiful writing") has come to be used in English and the other European languages only for special documents and on special occasions and has declined to the status of a relatively minor art. Photo: The Mamluks, originally a class of soldier slaves, seized power in Egypt in the thirteenth century and stood fast against the Mongols. Forty-five years later, they are expected to make up more than three-in-ten of the world's people . After its development in Turkey, it spread to the Arab countries and is in use today for formal documents and also as architectural decoration. Temporary reforms under various sultans, and the still formidable, if weakened, military prowess of the Ottomans helped maintain their empire. Another turning point was the invasion of Egypt in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte. Another was the development of the Umayyad postal system into an efficient intelligence service; postmasters in outlying provinces were the eyes and ears of the government and regular reports were filed with the central government on everything from the state of the harvest to the doings of dissident sects. Like all Islamic ceremonies, prayer is simple and personal, yet also communal, and the wording of the prayers, the ablutions which are required before prayers, the number of bows, and other parts of the ritual are set out in detail. Until the Inquisition, furthermore, conditions in Spain were not intolerable. Then, in 1497, five years after Ferdinand and Isabella ended Islamic rule in Spain, Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four Portuguese ships around Africa and in 1498 found a new sea route to India from Europe. Guide us in the straight path, In the next decades, raiding parties continually made forays into France and in 732 reached as far as the Loire Valley, only 170 miles from Paris. How did Islam change in the Middle East? And what is after them, The term "Middle East" came into common use in the early . Pre-Islam. This outcome was among the earliest impacts of Christian crusades in the Middle East because Christians brutally massacred Muslims during the crusades. Middle East in the 6th Century CE. Men fought for their religion, the prospect of booty and because their friends and fellow tribesmen were also doing it. The belief in the unity of God was paramount in Islam; from this all else followed. The Mongol invasions, in fact, were a major cause of the subsequent decline that set in throughout the heartland of the Arab East. Most Arab countries, for example, have embraced the concept of the sovereign nation-state and Western patterns of political administration: parliaments, political parties, and constitutions. The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently revealed faith could take root and flourish. After an initial success the Muslims were driven back and the Prophet himself was wounded. Photo: In the ceremony of sa'y they reenact the search for water by Hagar, wife of the patriarch Abraham. The orphan was consigned to the care of his grandfather, the head of the clan of Hashim. Photo: One of the largest mosques of the Far East is in Bandar Seri Bagawan, capital of the Sultanate of Brunei in Southeast Asia. Photo: The mosque of Bibi Khanum named for Tamerlane's favorite wife, was once the most imposing building of Samarkand. At issue, essentially, was the legitimacy of 'Ali's caliphate. All seemed quiet on these two fronts until the sudden rise of Islam early in the 7 th century. Here, you will find quick shortcuts to major topics & hubs under IslamiCity. The Black Death (1347 - 1351 CE) was the first and greatest of the many plague outbreaks of the second plague pandemic in the Middle East (1347 CE to 1877 CE). Muslims believe that theirs is the only true faith. He also destroyed the idols in the Ka'bah, to put an end forever to pagan practices there. Finally, in the early seventeenth century, most of the survivors were forcibly expelled. The Ridda Wars ended around 634. It is useful to realize that the power of Islam was separate from much and more permanent than that of the armies with which it rode. Who would be its leader? The early rise of Islam (632-700) The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently . Allah is viewed as the sole Godcreator, sustainer, and . The divide between Sunnis and Shia is the largest and oldest in the history of Islam. Scholars, for example, in collecting and reexamining the hadith, or "traditions" - the sayings and actions of the Prophet - compiled immense biographical detail about the Prophet and other information, historic and linguistic, about the Prophet's era. Unlike their predecessors, however, they were able to maintain their power, and they retained control of Egypt until the Ottoman conquest in 1517. Faithful Muslims, therefore, submit unreservedly to God's will and obey His precepts as set forth in the Quran and transmitted to mankind by Muhammad, His Messenger. I never saw such a great article like this. The division between the Sunnis and the Shi'is continued to develop in 680 when Ali's son Husayn along with his followers was brutally killed at Karbala in Iraq by the forces of the Umayyad ruler Yazid. Most pilgrims also attempt to kiss, touch, or salute the Hajar al-Aswad, the Black Stone of the Ka'bah, a fragment of polished stone revered as a sign sent by God and a remnant of the original structure built by Abraham and Ishmael. Particularly important were the guilds of artisans which often cut across the divisions of religion and location. According to a bibliography of his writings al-Razi wrote 184 works, including a huge compendium of his experiments, observations, and diagnoses with the title al-Hawi, "The All-Encompassing.". The sunnah - which supplements and complements the Quran, the Word of God, and is next to it in importance - embodies the meticulously documented acts and sayings of the Prophet recorded in a body of writings called the hadith. To the east they extended their influence into Transoxania, an area north of the Oxus River in today's Soviet Union, and went on to reach the borders of China. The Christians permitted Muslims to work, serve in the army, own land, and even practice their religion - all concessions to the importance of Muslims in Spain's still prosperous economy. As Muslims throughout the world perform identical sacrifices on the same day, the Muslims at Mina in effect share their pilgrimage with Muslims everywhere. The Constitution of Medina - under which the clans accepting Muhammad as the Prophet of God formed an alliance, or federation - dates from this period. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. Because Islam became the predominant religion of . In the first half of the tenth century the 'Abbasid vizier Ibn Muqlah completed the development of kufic, established some of the rules of shape and proportion that have been followed by calligraphers since his time, and was first to develop what became the traditional classification of Arabic writing into the "six styles" of cursive script: naskhi (from which most present day printing types are derived), thuluth (a more cursive outgrowth of naskhi), rayhani (a more ornate version of thuluth), muhaqqaq (a bold script with sweeping diagonal flourishes), tawqi' (a somewhat compressed variety of thuluth in which all the letters are sometimes joined to each other), and ruq'ah (the style commonly used today for ordinary handwriting in most of the Arab world). If Western influences are important in the Middle East, however, they are by no means paramount. Closely connected with the trade in dyestuffs was the trade in medicines, an offshoot of 'Abbasid advances in medicine and the spread of hospitals in all major Islamic cities. Within four years after the death of the Prophet the Muslim state had extended its sway over all of Syria and had, at a famous battle fought during a sandstorm near the River Yarmuk, blunted the power of the Byzantines - whose ruler Heraclius had shortly before disdainfully rejected the letter from the unknown Prophet of Arabia. In the wake of the Ridda wars, and of the Arabs' sudden conquest of most of the Near East, the new religion became identified more sharply as a monotheism for the Arab people. The Indian way had the advantage of using much smaller clusters of symbols and greatly simplifying written computations. Islam in Middle Eastern Societies The Muslim populations of the Middle East make up only 44% of the total world Muslim population of the world (see "Muslim-Majority Countries of the Middle East" chart).. A basis for understanding the role of Islam in Middle Eastern societies, is the distinction between its doctrine and the cultural practices which are done in the name of Islam or which . across parts of the Middle East and Central Asia and lasted until 1194 . Jews, for example, were part of the community; they were dhimmis, that is, protected people, as long as they conformed to its laws. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them. This trade was vital; in the central lands of the 'Abbasid empire natural resources such as metals and wood were scarce, and increases in urban populations had outstripped the capacity of the agricultural system to support them. The Europeans mounted a series of further crusading expeditions against the Muslims over the next hundred years or so, but the Crusaders never again recovered the initiative. Throughout its history, Islam has been in constant . It is also used in Kashmir and in some places in the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies, and in Africa it is used in Somalia and down the east coast as far south as Tanzania. Even in China (which has a Muslim population of some forty million) and the Central Asian republics of the CIS (ex-USSR), Arabic can be heard in the shahadah, in prayer, and in the chanting of the Quran. and A.D. 70. Although the Umayyads favored their own region of Syria, their rule was not without accomplishments. The coming of Islam saw a general decline in the status of . These successes, however, were qualified by serious administrative weaknesses. The religious tax, the third pillar, is zakah in Arabic, a word that in the Prophet's lifetime came to suggest an obligatory religious tax. The Middle East is a geographical region that has been of great importance in history since ancient times. Psychologists warn that addressing the mental scars caused by the earthquakes should be an urgent priority and that the most severe mental health consequences might not be fully apparent so soon . The Quran of course is available in many languages, but these versions are regarded as interpretations rather than translations - partly because the Arabic language, extraordinarily concise and allusive, is impossible to translate in a mechanical, word-for-word way. In relentless succession they had retaken Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville. Ramadan begins with the sighting of the new moon, after which abstention from eating and drinking, as well as physical continence, is obligatory every day between dawn and sunset. 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