Chart and map of ancient eruptions of Yellowstone supervolcano. Geologists have been able to find a layer of ash from the last eruption in the rock layers all the way on the East Coast. The Yellowstone supervolcano last erupted about 640,000 years ago. Hydrothermal explosions are very small; they occur in Yellowstone National Park every few years and form a crater a few meters across. This event was part of a swarm of 76 earthquakes that occurred in the area during February 411. These signs may include particularly strong earthquake swarms and rapid deformation of the ground, events that are often seen in the days and weeks before an actual eruption. What is the most immediate danger associated with a Yellowstone eruption? Why are there so many earthquakes at Yellowstone? Researchers at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) are constantly monitoring the region for such signs using an array of technologies that provide real-time information. A short documentary by What If asks: What if the Yellowstone Volcano erupted tomorrow? The documentary runs a Yellowstone Volcano eruption simulation to explore what the subsequent effects would be,the Expressreported. What caused Yellowstone's past eruptions, and how do we know? But unlike the San Andreas Fault, its not an earthquake that is a disaster waiting to happen in Yellowstone its a massive volcanic eruption. Although no eruptions of lava or volcanic ash have occurred for many thousands of years, future eruptions are likely. But is it possible to predict when the volcano will next erupt? In terms of large explosions, Yellowstone has experienced three at 2.08, 1.3, and 0.631 million years ago. . Castle currently has no prediction available. The supervolcano is still active and could blow at any time. A large volcano with at least one eruption of magnitude 8 or higher-the highest value on the Volcanic Explosivity Index-is referred to as a supervolcano. Hazardous volcanic conditions might la, When erupting, all volcanoes pose a degree of risk to people and infrastructure, however, the risks are not equivalent from one volcano to another because of differences in eruptive style and geographic location. They can blast out clouds of hot tephra from the side or top of a volcano. How much volcanic activity has there been at Yellowstone since the most recent giant eruption? 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. It was a cannon of immense size, equal in destructive capability to all of mankind's nuclear weapons - combined. What type of eruption will Yellowstone have if it erupts again? Answer (1 of 5): Braelynn, No, the Yellowstone Supervolcano will not erupt in 2022, nor likely ever because the magmatic hot spot that created the supervolcano which collapsed and became the Yellowstone Caldera has the North American Tectonic Plate moving slowly over it. Thanks to John's dedication and the power of AI, many lives were saved and the world was better prepared for the catastrophic event. But wait, theres more. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In fact, over half of the worlds geysers and hydrothermal features reside in Yellowstone. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Scientists at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory(YVO) closely monitor the Yellowstone region for such precursors. Sponsored by PureCare Knee Protector ; Mudpots: Hot springs that are acidic enough to dissolve the surrounding rock, and typically . Those parts of the surrounding states of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming that are closest to Yellowstone would be affected by pyroclastic flows, while other places in the United States would be impacted byfalling ash (the amount of ash would decrease with distance from the eruption site). Almost all earthquakes at Yellowstone are brittle-failure events caused when rocks break due to crustal stresses. There is also significant diversity in their triggering mechanisms. Since the most recent giant (caldera-forming) eruption 631,000 years ago, approximately 80 relatively nonexplosive eruptions have occurred. The animals that feed on plants will go hungry, and the loss of animals will be another reason our food sources will go down. Its Old Faithful geyser is world-renowned and a visual reminder of the hotbed of activity going on beneath the surface. Ash, mudflows, and lava flows can devastate communities near volcanoes and cause havoc in areas far downwind, downstream, and downslope. Official websites use .gov The Yellowstone supervolcano is an eight out of eight on the Volcanic Explosivity Index but has only erupted three times in the last 2.1 million years. This report summarizes the activities and findings of YVO during the year 2020, focusing on the Ye, When erupting, all volcanoes pose a degree of risk to people and infrastructure, however, the risks are not equivalent from one volcano to another because of differences in eruptive style and geographic location. Illustration by NGM Maps. Even so, the math doesnt work out for the volcano to be overdue for an eruption. That's what a bevy of conspiracy-minded bloggers have been claiming, anyway. Explosive events of this size erupt so much magma that Volcanoes that have produced exceedingly voluminous pyroclastic eruptions and formed large calderas in the past 2 million years include Yellowstone in northwest Wyoming, Long Valley in eastern California, Toba in Indonesia, and Taupo in New Zealand. In a related report by The Inquisitr, it's claimed that the recent Yellowstone earthquakes won't trigger a volcano, but scientists have acknowledged that if a Yellowstone volcano were to erupt the Continue reading Yellowstone . They also found that the magma reservoir below the caldera was approximately twice as large as previously thought. The deeper reservoir is composed of basalt (a low-silica rock type) and extends from 20 to 50 Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface. A new study has found that before a catastrophic eruption takes place, the ground will likely begin to swell up. The public, without prompting from geologists, gets excited when anything out of the ordinary . Given that supervolcanoes often go through periods of unrest, including seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas emissions, the monitoring of these processes must contend with the challenge of differentiating "normal" unrest from signs that an eruption is imminent, the authors of the Nature study wrote. With a previous eruption occurring a little more than 600,000 years before that. Research published in the journal Science (opens in new tab) in December 2022 found that the Yellowstone caldera holds more liquid molten rock than previously estimated. But not only was the park open, but the ground in Yellowstone has also actually been subsiding, or deflating, in recent years. In Yellowstone, ground uplift, for example, can be caused by other factors other than upward magma movements, like water or gas accumulation. There are five types of hydrothermal features readily visible in Yellowstone: Hot springs: Pools of hydrothermally heated water. "Yellowstone is one of the biggest supervolcanos in the world," he says. So, how do experts keep an eye on Yellowstone's subterranean activity so that, in the case of a major volcanic eruption, warnings can be given? Therefore, a key issue for eruption hazard assessment is to ascertain how much magma is below the surface and where.". The term "supervolcano" implies a volcanic center that has had an eruption of magnitude 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI), meaning that at one point in time it erupted more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. Up to 17 states could be fully or partially impacted if the volcano erupted again. If one could even call it that, one positive benefit would be a huge reduction in global warming. "The eruption of Mount St. Helens would be a small firecracker compared to one of the major caldera eruptions of Yellowstone," Fairley said. The pool of magma underneath Yellowstone is huge, and it will take days or weeks to empty. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. In terms of large explosions, Yellowstone has experienced three at 2.08, 1.3, and 0.631 million years ago. The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest supervolcano on the North American continent. Steam explosions, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions -- what's in Yellowstone's future? From that day forward, John's work with AI became a benchmark for how technology and human . Wednesday, March 1, 2023, 9:30 AM MST (Wednesday, March 1, 2023, 16:30 UTC), There were no recorded eruptions of Steamboat Geyser during the month of February, and the total number of eruptions for the year remains at two. But the scientists said the amount of melt is significantly lower than required for an eruption to occur in the near future. Michael Poland, scientist-in-charge at the YVO, told the AP "only if we saw a really dramatic uplift"for example, the ground rising feet in weeks or months"would it be something that we thought might be a hazardous change.". Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A simple illustration of the inside of the Yellowstone Volcano. If breathed in, the ash will cut up your lungs and will also form a cement in your body. Although no eruptions of lava or volcanic ash have occurred for many thousands of years, future eruptions are likely. Learn more:Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Latest Geyser Eruption Predictions. Hydrothermal explosions are very small; they occur in Yellowstone National Park every few years and form a crater a few meters across. Why the Yellowstone Supervolcano Could Be Huge Smithsonian Channel 4.03M subscribers Subscribe 35K 5.3M views 7 years ago One of the world's largest supervolcanoes erupted 2.1 million years ago. How overdue is a Yellowstone eruption? Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The only accurate predictions of eruptions these days involve volcanoes that are imminently erupting (scale of days), and it's likely we'll have a decade of warning or more with respect to Yellowstone, which is one of the most monitored volcanoes in the world. "Neither condition is in place at Yellowstone right now," he added. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Thursday, December 31, 2020 6:37 AM UTC. The ground rises and falls normally by 2-3 cm [0.8 to 1.2 inches] every year, and there are typically ~2000 quakes annually in the area, so it would have to rise far beyond these normal background levels.". Poland also noted that "supervolcanoes" a term he considers somewhat crude and sensationalist are "no more or less temperamental" than other volcanoes. The caldera inside Yellowstone National Park spreads over the three states of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana and poses a significant threat in the event of a supereruption. ThisEarthWord is straight up steampunk New study investigates groundwater from the air, Executive SummaryThe Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) is a consortium of nine Federal, State, and academic agencies that: (1) provides timely monitoring and hazards assessment of volcanic, hydrothermal, and earthquake activity in and around Yellowstone National Park, and (2) conducts research to develop new approaches to volcano monitoring and better understand volcanic activity in the Yellow, The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) monitors volcanic and hydrothermal activity associated with the Yellowstone magmatic system, conducts research into magmatic processes occurring beneath Yellowstone Caldera, and issues timely warnings and guidance related to potential future geologic hazards. The resulting volcanism has been characterized by the eruption of voluminous rhyolites and subordinate basalts but virtually no lavas of intermediate composition. Stock image: A hydrothermal feature in Yellowstone National Park. The supervolcano, or caldera, sitting under Yellowstone National Park is nearing a cataclysmic eruption, and the government has been silently evacuating local towns in preparation. Geologists believe it is only a matter of time before the big one strikes. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. A supervolcano is a large volcano that has experienced at least one eruption of magnitude 8 or morethe highest value on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Signs of a catastrophic eruption may be detectable weeks, months or even years prior. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The term "supervolcano" implies a volcanic center that has had an eruption of magnitude 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI), meaning that at one point in time it erupted more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. It has happened before and it will happen again. ; Geysers: Hot springs with constrictions in their plumbing, which causes them to periodically erupt to release the pressure that builds up. Despite the tools now available to scientists, one study published in the journal Nature Reviews Earth and Environment last year found that giant supervolcano eruptions are hard to predict because they are so diverse in the rapidity of onset, duration of eruption, and triggering mechanisms, among other factors. Two of these areas produced large . The shallower one is composed of rhyolite (a high-silica rock type) and stretches from 5 km to about 17 km (3 to 10 mi) beneath the surface and is about 90 km (55 mi) long and about 40 km (25 mi) wide. Most of the national park and vicinity are sparsely populated, but significant numbers of people as well as park resources could nevertheless be at risk from these hazards. When Yellowstone does erupt, it wont be like Hawaii and it wont even be like MountSt. Helens. Recent Work and News The new research, which uses more advanced techniques but the same data, suggests it is closer to 16-20% molten. Right now, in the US, one of the worlds largest volcanoes is gearing up to explode, the narrator of the documentary noted. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. We track the temperatures of some thermal features, although this is not an indicator of volcanic activity, but rather of the behavior of specific hydrothermal areas. Winds would carry ash to the East Coast of the US in amounts that would still be dangerous to human lungs. "The ground surface at Yellowstone is moving all the time, sometimes up and sometimes down, and it would not be cause for concern unless it was outside the normal patterns," Kari Cooper, a professor and chair of the University of California, Davis Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, told the Associated Press. The most likely explosive event to occur at Yellowstone is actually a hydrothermal explosion (a rock hurling geyser eruption) or a lava flow. The light blue arrow indicates the direction of motion of the North American tectonic plate. 5. Volcanism on an immense scale largely shaped the unique landscape of central and western Yellowstone Park, and intimately related tectonism and seismicity continue even now. As the underground magma chamber emptied, the ground above it collapsed and created the first of Yellowstone's three calderas. That was proved once again in late May, when the Steamboat Geyser - Yellowstone's tallest and most unpredictable geyser - erupted for the first time since 2003. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Heres how it works. Continuous GPS stations in Yellowstone Caldera continued to record gradual subsidence at a rate of several centimeters (about 1 inch) per year, which has been ongoing since 2015. The landslide and resulting flooding. We look at overall thermal emissions from space, collect gas and water to assess chemistry over time, and track stream/river flow and chemistry.". Steam explosions, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions -- what's in Yellowstone's future? When was the last time Yellowstone erupted? Tracking changes in Yellowstone's restless volcanic system, The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. A caldera-forming eruption would create a massive natural hazard in Yellowstone. What is a supervolcano? The park is rich inhydrothermal featuresevidence of the magma that lies beneath the surface. The Yellowstone supervolcano thousands of times more powerful than a regular volcano has only had three truly enormous eruptions in history. But as long as these processes do not stray too far outside normal levels they are not considered a sign that an eruption is imminent. How far would ash travel if Yellowstone had a large explosive eruption? "They erupt when there is enough eruptible magma beneath the surface, and pressure to cause that magma to ascend. A massive eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano would spread deadly ash for thousands of miles, killing plant life and affecting humans in its path. Scientists have been studying the Supervolcano at Yellowstone for a long time, and piecing the studies together gives us a glimpse of what things will be like next time Yellowstone erupts. The science of forecasting a volcanic eruption has significantly advanced over the past 25 years. Yellowstone is not overdue for an eruption. The mean annual temperature is 2.2C (36F), barely above the freezing point of water. The largest of these flows formed the Pitchstone Plateau in southwestern Yellowstone National Park. How much volcanic activity has there been at Yellowstone since the most recent giant eruption? "Some volcanoes do seem to have regular eruptions, but this is because the magma supply is relatively constant think Kilauea in Hawaii or Stromboli in Italy," Poland said. I find this result reassuring.". That is one thing human intelligence has going for it. Just because Yellowstone has produced three very large eruptions over the last 2.2 million years doesn't mean that you should expect such an eruption. EES 0836 Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) Disasters: Geology vs. Hollywood Introduction This week, we watched a clip from the movie 2012 (2009), where the supervolcano Yellowstone erupts. Fortunately, the chances of this sort of eruption at Yellowstone are exceedingly small in the next few thousands of years. Yellowstone is the largest volcanic system in North America, second-most in the world, and its most active supervolcano hotspot has moved toward the Northeast over time. What is a supervolcano? Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. The biggest difference between then and now is that the Earth did not have such a huge population of humans to feed after the last eruptions. The ejected material would be so vast that it would quickly blanket most of the entire US and Canada. Explosive volcanic eruptions can be dangerous and deadly. In the paper, scientists analyzed seismic data to map the location and amount of meltthe liquid part of magmaunder the caldera. Due to the magma beneath the surface, the Yellowstone region experiences many small earthquakes, ground deformation and other geological activity on a regular basis. "Initial findings were that the magma chamber beneath Yellowstone was only 5-15% molten. Earthquakes cannot be predicted yet, but modern surveillance for earthquakes in Yellowstone conducted with seismographs (instruments that measure earthquake locations and magnitudes) and GPS - Global Positioning Systems (instruments that measure slow ground movements) help scientists understand the state of stress in the Earth's crust. Learn more: Yellowstone Eruption History The evolution of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcani Field: Past, present, and future! While it is possible that another eruption will occur in the future given Yellowstone's history and the presence of magma, scientists simply do not know when such an event will happen again nor what it will look like. This eruption 2.1 million years agoamong the largest volcanic eruptions known to mancoated 5,790 square miles with ash, as far away as Missouri. Yellowstone is underlain by two magma bodies. YELLOWSTONE VOLCANO OBSERVATORY MONTHLY UPDATE U.S. Geological Survey Wednesday, February 1, 2023, 10:31 AM MST (Wednesday, February 1, 2023, 17:31 UTC) YELLOWSTONE (VNUM #325010) 4425'48" N 11040'12" W, Summit Elevation 9203 ft (2805 m) Current Volcano Alert Level: NORMAL Current Aviation Color Code: GREEN. Learn more: Yellowstone Eruption History The evolution of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcani Field: Past, present, and future! In the next few hundred years, hazards will most probably be limited to ongoing geys, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Yellowstone is not overdue for an eruption, rhyolite magma chamber beneath Yellowstone. U.S. Geological Survey Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). One study published in the journal Science this year found that there was significantly more magma beneath the supervolcano than previously thought. "Continued monitoring of the subsurface should provide a clear picture if the situation begins to dramatically change," the researchers wrote in the paper. Last summer's. Therhyolite magma chamber beneath Yellowstone is only 5-15% molten (the rest is solidified but still hot), so it is unclear if there is even enough magma beneath the caldera to feed an eruption. 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